Colonization of Heterodera glycines cysts by Fusarium solani form A, the cause of sudden death syndrome, and other fusaria in soybean fields in the midwestern and southern United States

La forme A du Fusarium solani et d'autres fusariums ont été isolés de kystes de l' Heterodera glycines désinfectés en surface et récoltés dans la rhizosphère de plants de soja ( Glycine max) présentant des symptômes du syndrome de la mort subite et récoltés dans des champs du centre-ouest et du sud des États-Unis. Deux formes du Fusarium solani, pathogènes du soja, ont été isolées : la forme A, responsable du syndrome de la mort subite, et la forme B, responsable d'une maladie des semis et d'un pourridié fusarien. La forme B du Fusarium solani a été isolée plus souvent que la forme A. La forme A du Fusarium solani était présente dans les kystes de 82 % des champs infestés de kystes et avec des plantes présentant des symptômes du syndrome de la mort subite, avec des fréquences maximale et moyenne (champs et années confondus) de respectivement 28 et 7 %. Ce champignon n'a pas été retrouvé dans les kystes de cinq champs exempts du syndrome de la mort subite. Des isolats de la forme B du F. solani ont été très fréquemment retrouvés dans les kystes de chacun de ces champs ; la forme B du F. solani était présente dans les kystes de 94 % des champs envahis de kystes et avec le syndrome de la mort subite, avec des fréquences maximale et moyenne (champs et années confondus) de respectivement 48 et 16 %. Le Fusarium oxysporum (l'espèce ayant la troisième fréquence moyenne d'isolement), le F. chlamydosporum, le F. equiseti, le F. moniliforme, et le F. pallidoroseum (syn. F. semitectum) ont aussi été isolés. En se basant sur les densités des populations de kystes dans le sol et les pourcentages de kystes colonisés par la forme A du F. solani, le maximum et la moyenne de kystes colonisés par 500 cm3 de sol de la rhizosphère étaient respectivement de 149 et 22. Une grande proportion de la forme A du Fusarium solani a survécu dans des kystes dans du sol entreposé durant 8 mois à approximativement 10 C, ce qui montre la possibilité d'une hibernation dans des kystes entre les saisons de croissance du soja. Le taux de survie de la forme A du Fusarium solani était faible dans des kystes dans du sol entreposé durant 20 mois. Le maximum et la moyenne de kystes par 500 cm3 de sol étaient plus élevés pour la forme B du F. solani, avec respectivement 700 et 82, que pour la forme A du F. solani. De plus, les taux de survie des kystes dans du sol entreposé durant 8 et 20 mois étaient aussi plus élevés. Les isolats de la forme A du F. solani provenant de kystes étaient aussi virulents sur le soja que des isolats provenant de racines malades.Fusarium solani form A and other fusaria were isolated from surface disinfested cysts of Heterodera glycines collected from the rhizosphere of soybean (Glycine max) plants symptomatic for sudden death syndrome, collected from fields in the midwestern and southern United States. Two forms of Fusarium solani pathogenic to soybean were isolated: form A, the cause of sudden death syndrome, and form B, the cause of seedling disease and root rot. Fusarium solani form B was more frequently isolated than form A. Fusarium solani form A occurred in cysts in 82% of the cystinfested fields containing plants symptomatic of sudden death syndrome, with maximum and average isolation frequencies (across fields and years) of 28 and 7%, respectively. This fungus was not found in cysts from five fields lacking sudden death syndrome. Isolates of F. solani form B were found in high frequency in cysts from each of those fields; F. solani form B occurred in cysts in 94% of the cyst-infested fields containing sudden death syndrome, with maximum and average isolation frequencies (across years and fields) of 48 and 16%, respectively. Fusarium oxysporum (the species with the third highest average isolation frequency), F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, F. moniliforme, and F. pallidoroseum (syn. F. semitectum) were also isolated. Based on cyst population densities occurring in soil and percentages of cysts colonized by F. solani form A, the maximum and average numbers of colonized cysts per 500 cm3 of rhizosphere soil were 149 and 22, respectively. Fusarium solani form A survived at a high rate in cysts in soil stored for 8 months at ca 10 C, indicating an ability to overwinter in cysts between soybean growing seasons. Fusarium solani form A had a poor survival rate in cysts in soil stored for 20 months. Compared to F. solani form A, maximum and average numbers of F. solani form B in cysts per 500 cm3 soil were higher, at 700 and 82, respectively. Furthermore, the survival rate of cysts in soil stored for 8 and 20 months was also higher. Isolates of F. solani form A from cysts were as virulent on soybean as isolates from diseased roots

Preventive aspect of Obesity in Ayurveda

Background: In this present scenario, over stress and unhealthy food habits with faulty lifestyle reduces individual happiness and predispose to many lifestyle disorders. Obesity is one among them. Obesity has significant negative effects on an individual's quality of life as well as their life expectancy. Obesity becomes prime etiological factors for other comorbidities. Purpose: The treatment for obesity through modern sciences which involves multi-drug regimens which can be associated with a variety of side effects as well as they are expensive. Here Nidānaparivarjana and lifestyle modifications can play a key role in the management Obesity. Material & Methods: Review of relevant literature for subject available in Ayurveda Samhitas, previous research works, medical text books, journals, database and internet. Discussion: The preventive aspect of the Ayurveda is shown in various do’s and don’ts forms such as Dīncaryā, Rātricaryā, Sadvṛtta, Rasāyaṇa, and Saṁśodhana therapy. Nidānaparivarjana - The prime approach of an Ayurvedic treatment is analyzing the root of the disease and evading the causal or the contributory aspects of a disease is the best way to get rid of it and prevent the same in the future as well. Lifestyle modification involves altering long-term habits, typically for eating or physical activity, and maintaining the new behavior for months, years, and till lifetime. Lifestyle modification can be used to treat a range of diseases, including obesity. Conclusion: Ayurveda can manage the obesity in better way through modification in Āhāra (Diet), Vihāra (Lifestyle) and Nidānaparivarjana. The role of the Ayurveda as in preventive aspect in Obesity is trying to explain in the article

Wigner--Dyson statistics for a class of integrable models

We construct an ensemble of second--quantized Hamiltonians with two bosonic degrees of freedom, whose members display with probability one GOE or GUE statistics. Nevertheless, these Hamiltonians have a second integral of motion, namely the boson number, and thus are integrable. To construct this ensemble we use some ``reverse engineering'' starting from the fact that $n$--bosons in a two--level system with random interactions have an integrable classical limit by the old Heisenberg association of boson operators to actions and angles. By choosing an $n$--body random interaction and degenerate levels we end up with GOE or GUE Hamiltonians. Ergodicity of these ensembles completes the example.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figur

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies on novel sulfonamides containing 4-azidomethyl coumarin

A series of new and novel coumarin-6-sulfonamides with a free C4-azidomethyl group have been synthesized as antimicrobials in three steps starting from 7-methyl-4-bromomethylcoumarin 1. The reaction of 1 with chlorosulfonic acid was found to yield the corresponding 6-sulfonylchloride 2, which when treated with sodium azide led to intermediate 3. The title sulfonamides 5a-y were obtained from the reaction of 3 with various aromatic amines 4 in refluxing benzene. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by IR, NMR and LC-MS spectral data. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Some of the compounds have been found to be active against both bacterial species at a concentration of 1 μg/mL. © 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved

Nonlinear Optical Effects in Nematic Liquid–Crystal Films in the 1.55 mm Spectral Region

We have studied the optical nonlinearities of nematic liquid crystals in the near IR communication spectral region [1.55 µm]. The origins of the refractive index changes are thermal indexing effect and director axis reorientations. Very large refractive index and phase modulation of several ?'s can be generated with mW laser power in micron thick dye-doped nematic liquid crystal films

Statistics of Coulomb Blockade Peak Spacings within the Hartree-Fock Approximation

We study the effect of electronic interactions on the addition spectra and on the energy level distributions of two-dimensional quantum dots with weak disorder using the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation for spinless electrons. We show that the distribution of the conductance peak spacings is Gaussian with large fluctuations that exceed, in agreement with experiments, the mean level spacing of the non-interacting system. We analyze this distribution on the basis of Koopmans' theorem. We show furthermore that the occupied and unoccupied Hartree-Fock levels exhibit Wigner-Dyson statistics.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, submitted for publicatio

3D-HST+CANDELS : the evolution of the galaxy size-mass distribution since z=3

Spectroscopic+photometric redshifts, stellar mass estimates, and rest-frame colors from the 3D-HST survey are combined with structural parameter measurements from CANDELS imaging to determine the galaxy size-mass distribution over the redshift range 0 < z < 3. Separating early- and late-type galaxies on the basis of star-formation activity, we confirm that early-type galaxies are on average smaller than late-type galaxies at all redshifts, and we find a significantly different rate of average size evolution at fixed galaxy mass, with fast evolution for the early-type population, R eff∝(1 + z)–1.48, and moderate evolution for the late-type population, R eff∝(1 + z)-0.75Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Periodic orbit effects on conductance peak heights in a chaotic quantum dot

We study the effects of short-time classical dynamics on the distribution of Coulomb blockade peak heights in a chaotic quantum dot. The location of one or both leads relative to the short unstable orbits, as well as relative to the symmetry lines, can have large effects on the moments and on the head and tail of the conductance distribution. We study these effects analytically as a function of the stability exponent of the orbits involved, and also numerically using the stadium billiard as a model. The predicted behavior is robust, depending only on the short-time behavior of the many-body quantum system, and consequently insensitive to moderate-sized perturbations.Comment: 14 pages, including 6 figure

Core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers: nanoparticles targeting Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) and steroidal models

Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) (∼12 nm) were synthesized as the magnetic core for an imprinted polymer (MIP) shell using 4-vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as the cross-linker, bringing the average size up to ∼45 nm. Five targets were imprinted—the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) andarine, ligandrol and RAD-140; and the steroids estradiol and gestrinone. All MMIPs produced good selectivity when loaded with a non-target molecule, with all calculated selectivity factors above the 1.2 recommended threshold and also demonstrated good affinity/capacity. The rebinding of the target molecules from a complex matrix was also explored by using spiked river water samples. The SARMs-based MMIPs were able to rebind 99.56, 87.63 and 72.78% of their target molecules (andarine, ligandrol and RAD-140, respectively), while the steroidal-based MMIPs were able to rebind 64.54 and 55.53% of their target molecules (estradiol and gestrinone, respectively) at a nominal loading of 20 ≈μg in 50 mg of NPs. This work highlights the potential of these bi-functional materials for trace material clean-up of complex samples and/or subsequent analysis and opens up possibilities for further simple, rapid-to-synthesise materials for targeted clean-up

Semiclassical Theory of Coulomb Blockade Peak Heights in Chaotic Quantum Dots

We develop a semiclassical theory of Coulomb blockade peak heights in chaotic quantum dots. Using Berry's conjecture, we calculate the peak height distributions and the correlation functions. We demonstrate that the corrections to the corresponding results of the standard statistical theory are non-universal and can be expressed in terms of the classical periodic orbits of the dot that are well coupled to the leads. The main effect is an oscillatory dependence of the peak heights on any parameter which is varied; it is substantial for both symmetric and asymmetric lead placement. Surprisingly, these dynamical effects do not influence the full distribution of peak heights, but are clearly seen in the correlation function or power spectrum. For non-zero temperature, the correlation function obtained theoretically is in good agreement with that measured experimentally.Comment: 5 color eps figure